parameter     result

 -----------   ------------------------------

 ${NAME}       polish.ostrich.racing.champion

 ${NAME#*.}           ostrich.racing.champion

 ${NAME##*.}                         champion

 ${NAME%%.*}   polish

 ${NAME%.*}    polish.ostrich.racing

 parameter     result

 -----------   --------------------------------------------------------

 ${FILE}       /usr/share/java-1.4.-sun/demo/applets/Clock/Clock.class

 ${FILE#*/}     usr/share/java-1.4.-sun/demo/applets/Clock/Clock.class

 ${FILE##*/}                                                Clock.class

 ${FILE%%/*}

 ${FILE%/*}    /usr/share/java-1.4.2-sun/demo/applets/Clock

${string::}   # The third character of string (, ,  = third)

${string:}     # The string starting from the second character

                # Note: this is equivalent to ${string#?}

${string%?}     # The string with its last character removed.

${string: -}   # The last character of string

${string:(-)}  # The last character of string, alternate syntax

                # Note: string:- means something entirely different; see below.

${file%.mp3}    # The filename without the .mp3 extension

                # Very useful in loops of the form: for file in *.mp3; do ...

${file%.*}      # The filename without its last extension

${file%%.*}     # The filename without all of its extensions

${file##*.}     # The extension only, assuming there is one. If not, will expand to ${file}

 # string='hello, World!'

 parameter     result

 -----------   --------------------------------------------------------

 ${string^}    Hello, World! # First character to uppercase

 ${string^^}   HELLO, WORLD! # All characters to uppercase

 ${string,}    hello, World! # First character to lowercase

 ${string,,}   hello, world! # All characters to lowercase

 ${var-word}             # if var is defined, use var; otherwise, "word"

 ${var+word}             # if var is defined, use "word"; otherwise, nothing

 ${var=word}             # if var is defined, use var; otherwise, use "word" AND...

                         #   also assign "word" to var

 ${var?error}            # if var is defined, use var; otherwise print "error" and exit